Catcher In The Rye Essays (927 words) - Literary Realism

Catcher In The Rye Holden Caulfield's Perception and Gradual Acceptance of the Real World. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden views the world as an evil place where there is no peace. This perception of the world does not change significantly throughout novel. However, as the novel progresses, Holden gradually comes to the realization that he is powerless to change this corruption. During the short span of Holden's life covered in this book, Holden does succeed in making us perceive that the world is crazy. Shortly after Holden leaves Pencey Prep, he checks in to the Edmont Hotel. This is where Holden's turmoil begins. Holden spends the following evening in this hotel, which was full of perverts and morons. There were screwballs all over the place. His situation only deteriorates from this point forward as the more he looks around this world, the more depressing life seems. Around every corner Holden sees evil. He looks out on a world which appears completely immoral and unprincipled. The three days we learn of from the novel place a distressed Holden in the vicinity of Manhattan. The city is decked with decorations and holiday splendor, yet, much to Holden's despair, seldom yields any occasions of peace, charity or even genuine merriment. Holden is surrounded by what he views as drunks, perverts, morons and screwballs. These convictions which Holden holds waver momentarily during only one particular scene in the book. The scene is that with Mr. Antolini. After Mr. Antolini patted Holden on the head while he was sleeping, Holden jumped up and ran out thinking that Mr. Antolini was a pervert as well. This is the only time during the novel when Holden thinks twice about considering someone as a pervert. After reviewing Mr. Antolini, Holden finally concludes that maybe he wasn't making a flitty pass at him. Maybe he just liked patting guys' heads as they sleep. This is really the only time in the novel where Holden actually considers a positive side. This event does not constitute a significant change. As Holden himself says, It's not too bad when the sun's out, but the sun only comes out when it feels like coming out. The sun is a reference to decency through the common association of light and goodness. His perception of the world remains the same. The one conviction that does change during the novel is Holden's belief that he can change the world. On his date with Sally, Holden reveals his feelings. Did you ever get fed up?... I mean did you ever get scared that everything was going to go lousy unless you did something...? Holden goes through several plans. He at one point contemplates heading out west where he will pretend to be a deaf-mute and live a quiet life. At another point, Holden proposes to Sally to escape this world with him. It is finally to his younger sister Phoebe that Holden reveals his ultimate plan. Although Holden describes the situation in a very colorful and symbolic manner, he essentially tells Phoebe that he wants to prevent children from growing up. He blames the world's corruption on adults and believes that when he stops the children from growing up, he will preserve their innocence and save the world. It takes most of the book before Holden begins to realize that he is helpless to stop this corruption. Finally, he realizes that not only is there nothing that he can do, but there is nowhere he can go to hide from it. Holden takes a while to comprehend these concepts. One good example is when Holden is delivering the note to his sister. He encounters a *censored*-you written on the wall. Holden careful rubs this off with his hand so as to protect the innocent children from reading it. Later on, he finds *censored*-you scratched into the surface with a knife. He discovers that he can't efface this one. Even in the timeless peace of the Egyptian tomb room at the museum, there is an un-erasable *censored*-you. This incident is the beginning of Holden's realization that his dreams are unattainable. Ironically enough, it is one of the innocent children whom he is trying to protect who finally helps him come to terms with this realization. It is Phoebe who challenges his plan to escape out west. As he is telling Phoebe that she can not run away, he discovers that he too can not run away. You can't ever find a place that is nice and peaceful because there isn't any. The final

Louis Sullivan essays

Louis Sullivan essays The Autobiography of an Idea was published 1924. Louis Sullivan wrote this autobiography as a way to let you know who he was and what he believed in. He felt that his life was dedicated in forming a new style of architecture that would set the United States apart from the European countries. He wanted to break away from the tradition styles that have been used for the last century and a half. This tribute shows you that architecture was his passion, and he wanted everyone to follow him. Louis Sullivan was born on September 3rd 1856 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father Patrick, and his mother Andrienne, had a rough way of life. They both made their way to America from different regions of Europe. Louis was raised by his parents until he was the age of five. He then was taken to his grandparents in a small town called South Reading. As he grew he found that he enjoyed to art of dancing and began to love natures beauty. Louiss father opened a summer school in Newburyport. Patrick had told Andrienne that her parents were too soft for their son, and they pampered him. His mother arrived to reclaim her son and also to visit with her parents. Soon after, both left for Newburyport by train. He later endured another move, the return to Boston. Here he would join another school that would help him with his creative mind. At the age of 9 Louis was enrolled in The New Rice Grammar School. He later entered the Boston English High School where he dropped out at the age of 16 to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After only one year he dropped out once again to move to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to live with his grandparents. In Philadelphia, while living with his grandparents, he decided he would try to gain employment with Furness and Hewitt. He later had a disagreement with George Hewitt and moved to Chicago, Illinois with his parents. There he gained employment with William Jenney. ...

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Assignment Example The federal investigators said they were going to conduct corruption investigations involving the City Hall officials (Twickel 1). The United States of America legislators introduced a bill to block visas and assets of some Russians until people responsible for the death of lawyer Sergei Magnitsky were brought to justice. Magnitsky was put under arrest after he accused senior government officials of embezzling government funds. According to the report given, Magnitsky died of health complications in a pretrial detention in Moscow. Human rights activists and Magnitsky colleagues say that he was denied adequate medical treatment during his detention. They also claimed that he was subjected to torturing conditions. The bill was however not welcomed by some Russia government officials. The Foreign Minister warned the US government against passing the bill saying that it will evoke bitter relations with US and undermine cooperation between the two nations (Combined Reports 1). The president of Russia Dmitry Medvedev ordered the Prosecutor General’s Office to conduct investigations into Magnitsky’s deat h. Previous investigations into Magnitsky’s death failed to produce any suspect (The St Petersburg Times

The Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Holocaust - Essay Example Though anti-Jewish laws have been adopted, Hungarian authorities opposed to the German demands for deporting the Jewish to the death camps. The situation changed in 1944, when the German army occupied Hungary. During the 42 days, starting from the beginning of May, more than 437 thousand of Hungarian Jews have been sent to Oswiecim - Birchenough. While the world community pretended, that nothing was happening, the Germans killed in gas chambers 12 thousand people every day. Only at the beginning of July 1944, the head of the Hungarian government, Miklosh Horti, signed the order to stop the deportation, or to slow it down, and about 200 thousand Jews from Budapest have finally avoided deportation. The neutral diplomats of Sweden, Switzerland and Vatican have given their assistance to the Hungarian Jews. However, already at the end of 1944 about 30 thousand Jews more died during the so called 'death marches' to the Austrian border. (Braham 1981, p24) Italy has also been a German ally; and as well as in Hungary, the anti-Jewish laws have been adopted there. ... ty, and only after the failure of the Mussolini's government in July, 1943, German troops were able to capture eight out of thirty five thousand of local Jews and to deport them to Oswiecim-Birchenough. All this took place with the support of Italian Nazis. (Berenbaum, 1998, p86) After the German occupation in April, 1944, Yugoslavia has been divided into several parts. The total number of Jews living in the country was 80 thousand, out of which about 16 thousand lived in Belgrade. The Germans used thousand of Jews as cheap labor force, having deprived them of their entire inventory beforehand. In August, 1941, the wave of mass arrests seized the country. The bigger portion of Serb Jews has been killed. In spring 1942, in the Semline concentration camp in Belgrade suburbs, people were killed by gas, using the specially equipped truck. Only several hundreds of Serb Jews remained alive by summer 1942. (Braham, 1994, p144) Croatian fascists have also become close allies of Germany. Croatian Jews were obliged to carry the 'David's Star' and their property has been confiscated. The regime was constantly destroying Serbs, Jews and Gypsies all across the country. Only in Yasenovo concentration camp, dozens thousands of Serbs and twenty out of thirty thousand Croatian Jews have been killed. By the end of October, 1941 almost all Jews of Croatia have been destroyed. About seven thousand of those who remained alive were sent to Oswiecim. During the whole period of war, about sixty thousand of Yugoslavian Jews have been killed. (Berenbaum, 1998, p91) Greece has been simultaneously occupied by the two armies - German and Italian. The Jews, who appeared to be in the Italian zone, have not been subjected to repressions until 1944. As for the German zone, the 50-thousand Jewish

National governments and international institutions in relation to Essay

National governments and international institutions in relation to policy on international trade - Essay Example These relations depend on the country a particular business person is importing from or exporting to (Carbaugh, 2004). Countries such as the United States of America are known to enforce some of these policies on imports and exports. Their primary aim is to favor the business people. The same case applies to the United Kingdom. Their import duty rates are reduced to almost nil courtesy of the implemented government policies (Fujita, 1999). The procedure of importing and exporting of goods was also made less complicated. There is known to be high-level trade between countries. Hence, trading tariffs are significantly reduced. Most global business people and corporations feel highly considered since they can sell internationally without any transaction issues. Several national governments have provided open-border options to ease trade across countries that share borders. This policy involves allowing people from neighboring countries to go across borders without having to produce the usual strictly scrutinized legal papers that allow them into other countries. This case of international business growth can be seen in the East African Community (Grimwade, 2000). This regional community is one that allows a business to take place across borders of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The kind of trade that takes place between these three nations involves the sale or agricultural produce and raw materials. Fresh vegetables and grain are usually sold at standardized prices across these borders, making it one of the most successful interactions in these region in terms of business. Mineral are also traded across these borders. The kind of business that is promoted by this policy is not that of overseas shipping of goods. It is rather a simple way of easing transactions taking place between business people of different countries without many hindrances. The elimination of the borders in terms of

Michael Porters Theory Of National Competitive Advantage Economics Essay

Michael Porters Theory Of National Competitive Advantage Economics Essay Porters Diamond suggests that the national home base of a firm plays an important role in shaping the extent a nation can create new advanced factors such as skilled labour, advanced technology and knowledge base, government support, and culture. Government and chance are two elements are not included in the four basic ones that form the diamond but integral nonetheless as either-or can influence the entire diamond. It is with these six forces and their interactions were studied for 100 industry case studies (Porter, 1990 26-27). The importance of this model is integral on these elements support or hinder these firms from developing advantages in the global arena, specifically from a firm-based perspective. Factor conditions pertain to the situation in a nation regarding various production factors, both man-made and inherited. These national factors directly affect the industries that subsequently develop. Demand conditions reflect the state of home market demand for products produced within the country, encompassing customer needs/wants, their scope and growth rate, and the mechanisms that transmit domestic preferences to foreign markets. Relating and supporting industries are key in determining a firms success, as the existence or non-existence of internationally competitive inputs reinforce and firms ability to innovate and remain competitive in the global arena. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry pertain to the conditions in a country that influence a firms establishment, its organization and managemen t, as well as the characteristics of domestic competitors. Porter argues that domestic rivalry and subsequent quest for competitive advantage help provide the elements for repeating those same results in the global marketplace. In applying a real-world example, Porters Diamond will be used to offer explanation as to why the internet market is dominated by firms from the United States of America. Factor Conditions: An industry requires an appropriate supply of factors in its home base if it is to be successful. In the United States there are many specialized factors which apply to the internet industry in addition to generalized advantages that span across domestic industries. A high national income in unison with a large population meant expensive computer hardware and monthly internet fees could be obtained by millions and millions of U.S citizens. It is not selective factor disadvantages, but rather an abundant supply of capital, entrepreneurial orientation, and world-class educational infrastructure (computer technology included) that explain the industries dominance. Demand Conditions: The internet has been rapidly adopted by consumers and businesses alike. The United States has a high penetration of internet access. Virtually every major firm has a website. High disposable income means American consumers can afford to purchase a variety of goods online. This climate has created a rich environment for online only firms to develop and prosper within the U.S. Notable examples include worldwide heavyweight Google, Amazon.com, Ebay, Yahoo, Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix. Related + supporting industries: The United States benefits from local suppliers eager to help prosper by helping industries production, marketing, and distribution needs. Notable is Silicon Valley for its incredibly dense population of high-technology firms; creating an ideal climate with input suppliers closely and the human capital necessary. A culture that fosters entrepreneurship means many individuals are not afraid to risk capital in creating a new venture Firm Strategy, Structure, and rivalry: Following the tech-bubble of the new millennium, which saw the NASDAQ ** technology firms never truly recovered from their reputation as an industry that is volatile, ultra-competative, and ever changing. Many firms have sprung up with impressive growth only to crash-and-burn. This competitive environment however is key to understanding the nature of the industry. Obtaining and sustaining a competitive advantage can be enormously profitable for firms, but by being forced to closely monitor costs, raise productivity, boost product quality, and develop innovative products U.S based internet firms have been able to transfer these advantages only at a costs much lower. Having already obtained the advantage in their home market, they can enter the international marketplace with additional leverage in areas such as Research and Development, quality control, human capital, and overall management. In order to truly understand Porters Diamond theory, the International aspect is integral in forming the platform for which this trade takes place. In The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Porters fundamental objective from the start was to uncover why some social groups, economic institutions and nations advance and prosper (Porter, 1990, p. xi). In todays business environment with Globalization playing and ever more important role, Porter suggests that the competitive advantage of a nations industries is determined by the configuration of the four aforementioned elements forming the Diamond: factor conditions; related and supporting industries; and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. Foreign subsidiaries with strong internal capabilities and the ability to capitalize on host country opportunities may take strategic initiatives that areas important to a firm or industry as home country determinants(Morrison and Crookell. 1991). Although the domestic environment in which firms compete shapes their ability to compete in international markets, there is likely other circumstances beyond facing vigorous competition domestically in terms of continuously striving to improve their products that influence and offer insight into Firm based National Advantage. National policy and economics considerably influence firms ultimate ability to compete in the global marketplace; while Porter notes national policies may also affect firms international strategies and opportunities in more subtle ways, merely portraying various cultural influences, the geography, religion, climate, and political factors that greatly influence firm-based national advantage by acknowledging they affect each element of the Diamond is not adequate. Porters insisted that a firms ability to compete depends largely upon the strength of the diamond within its home national and the assertion that national economic performance depends on this. Both of these can be critiqued for relevance at a time when the world economy has become increasingly globally oriented, and the multinational corporation increasingly important. ***Dunning (1993, pp. 9-10) points out that in the 1990s an increasing proportion of the assets of firms in a particular country are either acquired from or are located in, another country. Despite this, many firms have a large proportion of their operations away from their home base and it is debatable to suggest that their competitive position rests uniquely upon the strength of diamonds in their home base. It is important not to confuse this with their initial move abroad which it may have initially been the catalyst. In questioning the Clarity of Porters Diamond, Daly (1993) for instance claimed to have significant reason to reject Porters claim that exchange rates and wages are not integral to determining competitiveness. He was able to demostrate that export growth and export shares are impacted by variations in exchange rate as well as labour costs. Despite this, Porters definition of competitiveness is more focused on national productivity compared to export shares. In asserting that competitiveness cannot be meaningfully defined in terms of low labour costs and favourable exchange rates (CAN, p. 7). claim Porters case studies lack a homogenous analytical tool to determine the importance and precise impact of each determinant on the industries competitive position (Rugman, A. M., Verbeke, A. 1993). They that it is extremely difficult to operationalize Porters diamond when putting theory into practice such as what a consultant or strategic planner would attempt I would argue that Michael Porters Theory of National Competitive Advantage is in fact important and a useful tool in understanding the factors affecting firm-based trade-theory, while still offering some analysis as to how country-based specifics influence firms actions and products and ultimately national advantage. As per Porter the determinants of national advantage reinforce each other and proliferate over time in fostering competitive advantage in an industry, thus nations achieve success in international competition where they possess advantages (Porter, 1990). Porter portrays that domestic rivalry as the major spur to innovation and hence success in international competition. It is clear no theory can single-handedly all trade flows in international trade but Porters Diamond is more relevant in understanding intra-industry trade of differentiated goods. This pertains in particular to competitive and dynamic industries where each element in Porters Diamond would be very releva nt in influencing product change while other country-based specifics play a minimal role. Rugman, A. M., Verbeke, A. (1993). How to Operationalize Porters Diamond of International Competitiveness. International Executive, 35(4), 283-299. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Dunning. John H. (October 1990) Dunning on Porter. paper to the Annual Meeting of the Academy of International Business, Toronto. Morrison, Alan and Crookell, Harold (1991) Free Trade: The Impact on Canadian Subsidiary Strategy. in Earl H. Fry and Lee H. Radebaugh (eds.). Investment in the North American Free Trade Area: Opportunities and Challenges, Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University.

Solar Power Essay -- Alternative Energy Clean Photovoltaic Cells Panel

Solar Power: An Alternative Energy Source Since first discovered in the 1860s, the concept of storing energy from the sun to use as a source of power has been studied and pursued by many programs. Either using solar collectors or photovoltaic cells, the methods of using solar power are becoming more efficient and cost-effective. Solar technology is currently being used by homes and businesses, but is still too expensive and risky for many residents. Researchers are still making advances to solar technology for it to be a feasible energy source in the future. Solar energy was first started in the 1860s when Auguste Mouchout and William Adams found a way for storing solar radiation into tanks of water. Since then, there have been improvements to the processing of solar energy, which has been split into two categories: agricultural based and electricity based. The agricultural method, otherwise known as thermal solar energy, uses the sunlight to heat liquid and power steam engines. Solar collectors can be used on houses or business buildings to store the energy. Different types of solar collectors are flat-plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors and integral collector storage systems (US Department of Energy, 2007, para. 2). The electrochemical process is more complicated and requires photovoltaic (PV) cells to capture the solar energy and convert it into electricity. PV cells have many uses, including powering batteries or mechanical devices by absorbing the photons and creating a voltage. (Simon, 2007, p. 88) Silicon in the PV conductors absorbs photons, but sometimes impurities are added to create a charge. Phosphorous is added to create negatively charged silicon and boron is added to create positively charged silicon in... ...om the Sun. Retrieved July 31, 2007 from http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/solar.htm National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2007). Solar Research. Retrieved July 28, 2007 from http://www.nrel.gov/solar/ Nersesian, Roy L. (2007). Energy for the 21st Century. New York: M.E. Sharp. Simon, Christopher A. (2007). Alternative Energy. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. United Nations Development Programme. (2002). Energy for Sustainable Development. New York: UNDP. U.S. Department of Energy. (2007). Solar Energy Technologies Program. Retrieved July 28, 2007 from http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/ Van Wyk, Anita. (2005). Solar Energy Advantages Disadvantages. Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Solar-Energy-Advantages-Disadvantages&id=50178 Wikipedia. (2007). Solar Power. Retrieved July 31, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power Solar Power Essay -- Alternative Energy Clean Photovoltaic Cells Panel Solar Power: An Alternative Energy Source Since first discovered in the 1860s, the concept of storing energy from the sun to use as a source of power has been studied and pursued by many programs. Either using solar collectors or photovoltaic cells, the methods of using solar power are becoming more efficient and cost-effective. Solar technology is currently being used by homes and businesses, but is still too expensive and risky for many residents. Researchers are still making advances to solar technology for it to be a feasible energy source in the future. Solar energy was first started in the 1860s when Auguste Mouchout and William Adams found a way for storing solar radiation into tanks of water. Since then, there have been improvements to the processing of solar energy, which has been split into two categories: agricultural based and electricity based. The agricultural method, otherwise known as thermal solar energy, uses the sunlight to heat liquid and power steam engines. Solar collectors can be used on houses or business buildings to store the energy. Different types of solar collectors are flat-plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors and integral collector storage systems (US Department of Energy, 2007, para. 2). The electrochemical process is more complicated and requires photovoltaic (PV) cells to capture the solar energy and convert it into electricity. PV cells have many uses, including powering batteries or mechanical devices by absorbing the photons and creating a voltage. (Simon, 2007, p. 88) Silicon in the PV conductors absorbs photons, but sometimes impurities are added to create a charge. Phosphorous is added to create negatively charged silicon and boron is added to create positively charged silicon in... ...om the Sun. Retrieved July 31, 2007 from http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/solar.htm National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2007). Solar Research. Retrieved July 28, 2007 from http://www.nrel.gov/solar/ Nersesian, Roy L. (2007). Energy for the 21st Century. New York: M.E. Sharp. Simon, Christopher A. (2007). Alternative Energy. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. United Nations Development Programme. (2002). Energy for Sustainable Development. New York: UNDP. U.S. Department of Energy. (2007). Solar Energy Technologies Program. Retrieved July 28, 2007 from http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/ Van Wyk, Anita. (2005). Solar Energy Advantages Disadvantages. Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Solar-Energy-Advantages-Disadvantages&id=50178 Wikipedia. (2007). Solar Power. Retrieved July 31, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power

Definitions And Functions Of Micro Finance Economics Essay

Microfinance is viewed to be a remedy against poorness in the universe. In each state and part holding diverse demographics, microfinance is being utilized to battle poorness. It is a quite recent construct in banking and fiscal sectors. Microfinance is to assign really little loans to hapless people with the purpose of helping them to get down their ain endeavors so as they can come out of poorness. That is microfinance is non a manus out, alternatively it is a manus up that permit the hapless, largely adult females, to achieve uninterrupted fiscal victory. The Journal of Microfinance describes it as what â€Å" is arguably the most advanced scheme to turn to the jobs of planetary poorness † ( Woodworth and Woller, 1999 ) . The General Secretary of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, stated in 2002 that microcredit is a critical anti-poverty tool and a wise investing in human capital ( Annan, 2002 ) . â€Å" Microfinance has evolved as an economic development attack intended to profit low-income adult females and work forces. It refers to the proviso of fiscal services to low – income clients, including the ego employed † ( Ledgerwood, 2000 ) . Microfinance is defined as formal strategy designed to better the well being of hapless through better entree to salvaging and services loans ( Schreiner, 2000 ) . The word â€Å" microcredit † was non existing before the 1970ss. But now it has turn out to be a buzz-word among the development practicians. It is usually characterized as doing little loans available straight to small-scale enterprisers to enable them either to set up or to spread out micro-enterprises and little concerns. Microcredit is usually applied to aim groups that would otherwise non measure up for loans from formal establishments. This includes the bulk of those populating below the poorness line ( Commonwealth Secretariat, 2001 ) . Microcredit differs from microfinance in that microcredit refers to really little loans for uncompensated borrowers with small or no collateral, provided by lawfully registered establishments. Currently, consumer recognition provided to salaried workers based on automated recognition marking is normally non included in the definition of microcredit, although this may alter. Whereas Microfinance typically refers to microcredit, nest eggs, insurance, money transportations, and other fiscal merchandises targeted at hapless and low-income people. Microfinance is a extremely common manner of loaning as batch of people require to borrow money quickly and in small sum. In the instance of macro loans, Bankss enquire about the individual ‘s recognition history and people have to go through through tonss of processs before the blessing of the loan sum.CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROFINANCEHarmonizing to ( Murray, U and Boros, R, 2002 ) , there are many activities and features are included in microfinance. Some are: Small sums of loans and nest eggs. Short- footings loan ( normally up to the term of one twelvemonth ) . Payment agendas attribute frequent installments ( or patronize sedimentations ) . Installments made up of both chief and involvement, which is amortized over the class of clip. Higher involvement rates on recognition ( higher than commercial bank rates but lower than loan-shark rates ) , which reflect the labour-intensive work associated with doing little loans and leting the microfinance mediator to go sustainable over clip. Easy entryway to the microfinance intermediary saves the clip and money of the client and permits the intermediary to hold a better thought about the clients ‘ fiscal and societal position. Application processs are simple. Short processing periods ( between the completion of the application and the expenses of the loan ) . The clients who pay on clip become eligible for repetition loans with higher sums. The usage of tapering involvement rates ( diminishing involvement rates over several loan rhythms ) as an inducement to refund on clip. Larger loans are less dearly-won to the MFI, so some loaners provide big size loans on comparatively lower rates. No collateral is required contrary to formal banking patterns. Alternatively of collateral, microfinance mediators use alternate methods, such as the appraisals of clients ‘ refund potency by running hard currency flow analyses, which is based on the watercourse of hard currency flows, generated by the activities for which loans are taken.MICROFINANCE CLIENTS?Microfinance is established as an efficient manner to eliminate poorness by offering fiscal services to those hapless people who can non make or are ignored by Bankss and fiscal establishments.HOW DOES IT WORK?Poor people have necessary accomplishments and cognition to get down their ain endeavor, the lone thing is that they do non hold resources ( particularly finance ) to make so. Thus microcredit helps them to carry through their vision by supplying them with micro loans. Harmonizing to Ahmad ( 2000 ) , it is acknowledged that people populating in poorness are innately capable of working their manner out of poorness wit h self-respect, and can demo originative potencies to better their state of affairs when an enabling environment and the right chance exists. It has been noticed that in many states of the universe, micro-credit programmes, give entree to little capitals to people populating in poorness. Microfinance is an promising tool for economic development, poorness decrease, authorising of low income communities and giving a new function in micro-entrepreneurship ( Mondal, p.1-3 ) . The MFIs take into history the demand of their clients refering micro loans so as they can transport on their endeavors. There are two types of microfinance borrowers ; Micro borrower and Micro enterpriser. A micro borrower has mind like capitalist who is intend to derive net income while making concern. Therefore a micro borrower gets fundss from MFIs, and after reimbursing, they will obtain fundss once more but merely if the intent is to gain net income and non any entrepreneurial accomplishment. In contrast, a micro enterpriser financess his concern and brings modernism, originality and differentiation from others ( Mondal, p.3 ) . Microfinance bestow authorization to adult females. Misra ( p.3 ) describes empowerment as a strength to the people and self administration. He quoted â€Å" Empowerment builds autonomy and strength in adult females, fixing them towards garnering the ability to find the pick of life. This adds to the bid over resources outwit insubordination and mean their societal function. † Harmonizing to PREM, WB ( 2002, p.11 ) , â€Å" Authorization is the enlargement of assets and capablenesss of hapless people to take part in, negotiate with, influence, control, and keep accountable establishments that affect their lives. †MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONSA microfinance establishment ( MFI ) is an organisation that offers minor loans to the destitute people. The model of the loan differs from organisation to organisation as every establishment has their ain processs and conditions to provide credits. However, the nucleus intent is to allow fiscal aid to the underprivileged. When speaking about MFIs, we can believe about non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) which besides provide loan installations to the hapless. During the 1990s, many NGOs were converted into formal fiscal establishments so as to entree and on-lend client nest eggs, as a consequence bettering their outreach. There are besides other sorts of microfinance establishments such as recognition brotherhood or concerted lodging society. These organisations are different in every state ( Rehman, 2007 ) . Nowadays even commercials Bankss are traveling towards the construct of microfinance. They are making this to pull new patronages who wants to get down a concern but does non hold plenty support to make so.CHARACTERISTICS OF MFISFormal suppliers are sometimes defined as those that are capable non merely to general Torahs but besides to specific banking ordinance and supervising ( development Bankss, nest eggs and postal Bankss, commercial Bankss, and non-bank fiscal mediators ) . Formal suppliers may besides be any registered legal organisations offering any sort of fiscal services. Semiformal suppliers are registered entities subject to general and commercial Torahs but are non normally under bank ordinance and supervising ( fiscal NGOs, recognition brotherhoods and co-ops ) . Informal suppliers are non-registered groups such as revolving nest eggs and recognition associations ( ROSCAs ) and self-help groups. Ownership constructions: MFIs can be government-owned, like the rural recognition co-ops in China ; member-owned, like the recognition brotherhoods in West Africa ; socially minded stockholders, like many transformed NGOs in Latin America ; and profit-maximising stockholders, like the microfinance Bankss in Eastern Europe. The types of services offered are limited by what is allowed by the legal construction of the supplier: non-regulated establishments are non by and large allowed to supply nest eggs or insurance. ( www.cgap.com )ISLAMIC MICROFINANCEAccepting or paying involvement while loaning or borrowing money is out harmonizing to the Islamic jurisprudence. However the borrower will portion the net income that he will obtain from his concern with the loaner. Money is non an plus for gaining net income ( Duhmale, Sapcanin, p.1 ) . Islam emphasizes on societal, ethical, moral factors for distribution of wealth and usher towards societal and economic justness. Islam encourage net income instead than involvement because gaining net income evolve productive activity and involve in net income and hazard sharing between loaner and borrower ( Dhumale, Sapcanin, p.1-2 ) . The intent of Islamic microfinance is to supply little loans to hapless people without involvement. This construct benefits the borrower as microfinance involvement rates are comparatively high. There are several agencies to continue with the interest-free microfinance but we will speak about three of them which are: MUDARABA ( Participation Financing ) Here trade takes topographic point between the loaner and the borrower. No involvement will be charged, nevertheless net income will be shared by both the loan supplier and the borrower. Harmonizing to Zaher, Kaber, â€Å" Mudaraba is a trust based funding understanding whereby an investor ( Islamic bank ) entrusts capital to an agent ( Mudarib ) for a undertaking. Net income will be shared on an agreed ratio and the contract is similar to a western type of limited partnership where 1 is shooting money and the other one controls the concern. In instance of losingss, the loaner receives no return and the borrower no recompense for his work ( Segrado, 2005, p.11 ) . MUSHARAKA Harmonizing to Segrado ( 2005 ) , â€Å" Two parties provide capital for a undertaking which both may pull off. Net incomes are shared in pre-agreed ratios but losingss are borne in proportion to equity engagement † . As we can see, here it is non established on net income sharing but depends on rating and disposal competency and portion in concern. MURABAHAH Here the loaner will buy goods and sell them to the borrower after adding a sensible net income. The loaner will remain the owner of the goods until imbursements are cleared. Dhumale, Sapcanin ( p.10 ) describe Murabahah as â€Å" the Murabahah contract is similar to merchandise finance in the context of working capital loans and to renting in the context of fixed capital loans † .MICROCREDIT AND POVERTY ALLEVIATIONTHE GRAMEEN MODELThe footings â€Å" microfinance † and â€Å" micro recognition † were non on screen before 1980s 0r 1990s ( Robinson, 2001 ) . It all started with the return on Muhammad Yunus to Bangladesh after learning in the U.S for a few old ages. In 1974, during a trip in a comparatively hapless small town in Bangladesh, Muhammad Yunus came across Sufiya, a stool shaper, who had to borrow money from a local loaner so as to purchase natural stuffs. She had to refund the loaner with high involvement rates which sometimes exceeded the initial sum. After refund, she was left with practically nil to run into her basic demands. Dr. Yunus was disappointed by what he saw and lent a little sum of money to 42 rural basket-weavers. He found that his action encouraged them to work more and they were enthusiastic to refund their loan ( Roy, Mark A, 2003 ) . After two old ages, there came the constitution of the Grameen Bank where Dr. Yunus introduced the â€Å" Grameen Model † which is now the cant in the universe of microfinance. Since its start in 1976, it has grown to over 1084 national subdivisions in over half the small towns of Bangladesh. The construct of this theoretical account is to supply loan installations to hapless people, particularly adult females, so that they can transport out their little endeavors and pull off their support ( Roy, Mark A. , March 2003 ) . The process of the â€Å" Grameen Model † is that borrowers should organize a group of five members. After the loan application, the first two people will obtain the loan. If they repay their loan successfully, so the other two members will acquire their loan sum. The last member will be granted the loan when the old two members clear their debts. If this group was a good remunerator, therefore they will be eligible for future loans. However, if one of them fail to pay the loan, the whole group will be disqualified for farther loan ( Rehman, 2007 ) . As we can see, the attack of group loaning is applied. This attack has many advantages. First, members of a group are acquainted to each other, hence if one is absent in the group meeting, another one can pay its installments. Furthermore in South Asia, particularly in Bangladesh, there exists some sort of societal force per unit areas. If a member of a group does non refund his loan, he will be pressurized by the other members and besides his vicinity will acquire to cognize about it. So he will hold to do an attempt to refund his loan to avoid this sort of state of affairs ( Sengupta, Aubuchon, 2008 ) .A

Practice in Supporting a Topic Sentence with Specific Details

Practice in Supporting a Topic Sentence with Specific Details AÂ  topic sentence contains the main idea upon which a paragraph is developed. Often it appears at (or near) the beginning of a paragraph, introducing the main idea and suggesting the direction that the paragraph will take. What follows a topic sentence are a number of supporting sentences that develop the main idea with specific details. Practice Excercise Here is an effective topic sentence for a descriptive paragraph: My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped, blond guitar- the first instrument that I ever taught myself how to play. This sentence not only identifies the prized belonging (an old, slightly warped, blond guitar) but also suggests why the writer values it (the first instrument that I ever taught myself how to play). Some of the sentences below support this topic sentence with specific descriptive details. Others, however, offer information that would be inappropriate in a unified descriptive paragraph. Read the sentences carefully, and then pick out only those that support the topic sentence with precise descriptive details. When youre done, compare your responses with the suggested answers below: It is a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed.My grandparents gave it to me on my thirteenth birthday.I think they bought it at the Music Lovers Shop in Rochester where they used to live.At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key.Although copper strings are much harder on the fingers than nylon strings, they sound much better than the nylon ones.The strings are stretched down a long slim neck.The frets on the neck are tarnished, and the wood has been worn down by years of fingers pressing chords.It was three months before I could even tune the guitar properly, and another few months before I could manage the basic chords.You have to be very patient when first learning how to play the guitar.You should set aside a certain time each day for practice.The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that has been slightly damaged in shipping.A guitar can be awkward to hold, particu larly if it seems bigger than you are, but you need to learn how to hold it properly if youre ever going to play it right. I usually play sitting down because its more comfortable that way.The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago.I have a Gibson now and hardly ever play the Madeira any more. Suggested Answers The following sentences support the topic sentence with precise descriptive details: 1. It is a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. 4. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. 6. The strings are stretched down a long slim neck. 7. The frets on the neck are tarnished, and the wood has been worn down by years of fingers pressing chords. 11. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that has been slightly damaged in shipping. 14. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago.

Holes Book vs. Movie Essays

Holes Book vs. Movie Essays Holes Book vs. Movie Paper Holes Book vs. Movie Paper Digging for evidence as to whether or not the film adaptation of Holes was good Holes is a book by Louis Sachar that was first published in 1998. The film adaptation of this novel, also titled Holes, was released in 2003. These two literary works have many similarities and differences that can be easily compared, or contrasted. The film adaptation, directed by Andrew Davis, successfully represented the original novel by Sachar. Holes is the story of a young man by the name of Stanley Yelnats. Stanley is convicted of a crime that he was not the culprit of and, as a result, he is sent to Camp Green Lake. This camp is a Juvenile detention camp; the children there are required to dig holes every day as their punishment. While at Camp Green Lake, Stanley makes friends with a boy named Zero. These two become good friends and, one day, Zero runs away from the camp. Stanley decides that he should run away to in an effort to save Zero from certain death. When Stanley finds Zero they are both very weak; despite this, Stanley carries Zero to the top of a mountain by the camp and they survive off of onions up there for about a week. After this week, they decide to go ack to the camp in hopes of finding a treasure that is storied to have been located there. A few days before escaping Stanley found a lipstick tube in his hole, which may be a clue of where the treasure is located; so the boys return to this hole and dig. Soon they find a briefcase with the name Stanley Yelnats on it. This is the suitcase of Stanleys great grandfather who caused there to be a curse on the family. The way that he caused there to be a curse was by not keeping a promise to a woman named Madame Zeroni. He promised her that he would carry her to the top of the same ountain that the boys climbed in return for a pig. Unfortunately, he forgot about this promise and Madame Zeroni puts curse on his family for it. Zero is Madame Zeronis great grandson and when Stanley carries him to the top of the mountain he successfully lifts this curse. So when the boys find the suitcase they are discovered by the warden. She claims that the suitcase should be hers, but, unfortunately for her, Stanleys lawyer comes to the camp and says that he was proven innocent. The lawyer also says that Stanley is allowed to take the suitcase with him when leaving. In he suitcase there are many valuables that bring the familys of Stanley and Zero riches. In the end of the book both boys get to go home. Stanley goes back to his newly curse-less family and Zero goes back to his long lost mother; they are both very wealthy as a result of the treasure. The representation of some characters was good from the book to movie, but other characters were poorly represented in the film. This, in some situations decreases the validity of the adaptation; overall, though, the characters were adapted to the film well. One poorly represented character is the main character Stanley Yelnats. The creators of the film did not do a satisfactory Job of representing this characters physical attributes in the film. In the book he is described as a more heavy set child, but in the movie Shia LaBeouf, who is casted as Stanley, is very thin. The film makers also did fail to represent a lot of this characters physiological attributes. According to 21 centurylibrarian. om, l felt the book went into much more a ou Stanley Yelnats Inner tnougnts ana Teellngs wnlcn aaaea numor not transferred into the movie. The novel shows him as seeming to be threatening, but n the movie LaBeouf is very meek and calm in most situations. One physiological attribute of Yelnats correctly represented in the film is his awkwardness. Shia LaBeouf does an acceptable Job of showing this undeniable awkwardness . This inaccurate representation effects the film negatively because the viewer has an incorrect representation of how Stanley really is, thus changing the viewers entire outlook of the story. Most other characters, however, are casted well in the screenplay. The actor that plays Zero was similar in stature to how Zero was described in the book, and his attitude was very much the same. The emotional side of Zero was probably his most important attribute; Khleo Thomas, the actor that plays Zero, is successful in showing this emotional side. Other smaller characters have good casting, too. All of the actors who play these roles realize each characters major attributes and do a great Job of showing them in the film. For example, Noah Poletiek plays Twitch. As his name shows, he is a little bit crazy and Poletiek does a great Job of showing that Twitch may do anything at any second. He does a first-class Job of showing passion when Twitch speaks of cars, as well. This may have been the most rucial part of the role of Twitch. The actress who plays the Warden does an excellent job in every aspect of that role. According to TheBespectacledLibrarian. com, Sigourney Weaver was absolutely amazing as the Warden, intimidating and frightening while also believable as someone who had pinned her whole life on the search for treasure. Two more characters were represented in both the book and the movie. These two characters are Kate Barlow and Sam the Onion Man. These two are represented with great detail in the book, and the movie does an excellent Job of staying true to their appearances. Much of these two characters appearances is through expression, not physical form. For instance, a good casting of Kate is an actress that can go from being a si mple school teacher to a cold-blooded killer in the matter of one scene. Patricia Arquette, who plays Kissin Kate Barlow, does this exceptionally. An actor who plays Sam the Onion Man must be able to play the charming man that wins over the teacher. Dule Hill, who plays Sam, does a satisfactory Job of this in the film adaptation. One last character was Madame Zeroni. Eartha Kitt, who plays Madame Zeroni, does a very convincing role of the woman who ast the spell on the Yelnats family. The ways in which majority of the actors play their roles and represent their characters enhances the films overall effectiveness. Of all these roles, only one was unsatisfactory when compared to the character in the novel. The current day plot in the film had many similarities and differences when compared to the original book by Sachar. These plot changes made the movie a good adaptation due to the fact that many were minor and would have added many unnecessary details to the plot . There are many miniscule details in the plot that are changed in the movie for differentiating reasons. In the book there is a character by the name of Sarah Miller, she is the wife of Elya. In the movie the writers neglect to mention her existence. Since she doesnt affect the plot, her existence wasnt vital in the film. Something else that occurs in the book is an incident between Stanley and Zigzag. Zigzag hit Stanley on the head with a shovel and he gets a large gash. This gasn Is tnen Danaagea Dy Mr. Sir ana everyone seems to snow concern Tor Stanleys well being. In the movie, Squid is the attacker and Stanley is still the victim. No one seems to care for Stanley in the film during this incident; Zero is the one to assist him nd Stanley doesnt receive a gash, or even a cut. One final small detail that changes from the book to the film is when Stanley reaches the mountain. In the book he struggles to find water and must dig to reach it. In the movie, there is a stream that he and Zero drink from. This, obviously, means that no digging is required. If they were to dig for water it would have taken up time in the movie and would have dragged the movie on. All major points in the current day plot, however, remain true to the novel. In both Stanley is sent to camp and cures his family curse, along with all other major plot points. Staying this true to the plot helps make this film a good adaptation to the book. This story also has an abundance of flashbacks that add validity to the plot of the present day. The representation of these flashbacks in the movie was satisfactory due to the fact that the movie included all vital flashbacks, only changing details in them. These flashbacks occur in the film as well as the original book written by Sachar. Unfortunately, in the film adaptation there are a few flashbacks that cause this movie to incorrectly represent the book. For instance, Stanley Yelnats has flashbacks of being bullied when he was back home. This is mentioned in the book to help show that he had a tough social life, but the movie does not show these flashbacks for some reason. Also in the plot of Holes, there are countless flashbacks to the times of Kissin Kate Barlow and Sam the Onion Man. Although the film does include these flashbacks, it makes a few mistakes in detail when mentioning these flashbacks. For example, when Sam and Kate kiss in the book they are outside and it is raining. In the film when they kiss it is inside the school house and it is not raining outside Another flawed flash back including these two characters is when Sam is hot. In the book when he is shot they are both out on the boat together; in the film Sam is alone in the boat, but Kate is by the shore and witnesses this murder. The changing of these flashbacks did decrease effectiveness of the film, but not enough to drastically change the films quality. There is one more detail from the past that the movie changes. This detail involves the amount of money in the treasure that the Yelnats family receives in the end of the story. In the movie there is one bond that was worth twenty five thousand in nineteen hundred and five. This would be equal to illions in present time in the story. In the novel, on the other hand, there are multiple bonds worth close to one million dollars. There was also a presence of jewels worth about twenty five thousand in total. This small detail doesnt have a big enough effect to effect the adaptations validity, but could have easily been represented correctly. Despite all these minor changes, the film does accurately show the big picture in these areas. The cinematic version overall does show the novels intentions for the flashbacks successfully. Conclusively, there are many factors that show whether or not the film adaptation f Holes was good or not. Based on these chosen factors, the film, directed by Andrew Davis, did accurately represent the novel Considering all factors, the film adaptation was one of high quality. According to TheReadventurer. com, As this movie went from scene to scene following the book almost to the word on some pages malntalnlng almost everytnlng even tne trlcKy T lasnoacKs wnlcn I was 1 sure that theyd never be able to duplicate in film even the food served in the cafeteria realized that this was actually the most faithful film adaptation of any book Id ever seen. EVER. Catie. Book vs. Movie: Holes by Louis Sachar. The Readventurer. The Readventurer, 26 February 2012. web. 5 October 2013. Holes. Dir. Andrew Davis. Walt Disney Pictures, 2003. Film. Joy. Book vs. Movie: Holes. The Bespectacled Librarian. The Bespectacled Librarian, 19 February 2013. web. 5 October 2013. PaJtas, Margaret. Holes the Movie vs. the Book. 21st Century Librarian. 21st Century Libranan, 27 February 2009. web. 5 October 2013 . Sachar, Louis. Holes. New York: Yearling, 1998. Print. Sachar, Louis. Holes the Book. Louis Sachar. Louis Sachar, 2002. Web. 18 October 2013.

Leadership and change management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leadership and change management - Essay Example (Cao et al, 2000, p187). Changes viewed also by management may also not be looked upon as change by outsiders like competitors or suppliers. This has led to the categorizing of change in various ways, some of which include strategic and non-strategic change, incremental and radical change, changes of identity, co-ordination and control, planned and emergent change, change in terms of scale, human-centered change in terms of individual, group and inter-group or organizational level, quantum change and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187; Todnem, 2005, p372). Changes can also be structural, that is dealing with the physical alteration of an organization like its buildings and equipment or even employees. (Bennett & Durkin, 2000). On the other hand, it may be a change in process, that is, the way the related group of tasks are combined to create value for a target customer. (Cao et al, 2000, p188). A change can as well be in functions, that is, the decision system or policy and resource alloc ation duties of a particular element of an organization. There can also be changes in values, beliefs and human behavior in terms of social rules and relationships and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187). ... There can also be changes in values, beliefs and human behavior in terms of social rules and relationships and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187). Lastly, there can be changes in the distribution of power and level of influence with an organization. These four types of change have different implications on the their total quality management as can be seen in the table below. Table 1. Change Management Classification. Change management classifications Total Quality Management Process change Focuses on process ahead of the other three types of organizational change. Function (structural) change Says little about organizational structure Values (cultural) change Relies on but cannot influence culture Changes in power Is distorted by power in the organization With all the above determinants and types of change outlined, we can then define change management as 'the process of updating on a continuous basis and organization's direction, structure and capabilities to serve the ever evolving needs of the indigenous and exogenous clients'. (Todnem, 2005, p369). It involves identifying the future organizational needs and managing the changes required within the present system to be able to meet these future needs. It is therefore, much linked to organizational strategy. (Todnem, 2005, p369). For the purpose of simplicity, we The first part of the paper looked at the need for change in an organisation. The second part of the paper looks at two different change models. Part three focuses on the implications of change particularly on human behavior. It also develops a plan that addresses the human variables and potential resistance to this change. It will also look at the respective reasons why people are

Business law- Contracts and leases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business law- Contracts and leases - Essay Example Regardless of the type of business an individual runs, it is important to have an understanding of contract law as it is the key to making sound business agreements that can be enforced legally in the event of a dispute. Normally, a contract is enforced and governed by the laws of the country where it was made. In the United States of America, a contract is governed by two types of state laws, that is, the common law and the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). Common Law Common law is a law which governs contracts for services and contracts that are not governed by the Uniform Commercial Code. Most contracts such as employment agreements, general business agreements and leases are controlled by common law. Common law contracts can either be bilateral or unilateral. However, the contracts are valid only if the three elements of common law contract formation are met. The elements of formation are offer, acceptance and consideration (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). The Un iform Commercial Code (UCC) The uniform commercial code (UCC) governs the contracts between merchants and the sale of goods. The law was written by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and the American Law Institute (ALI). It was published in 1952 to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in the United States. Although it has not been fully enacted, some provisions of the code have been adopted by all the fifty states of the US (Fullerton, 2011). Previously, the code was divided into 9 articles; however, after a number of reviews and revisions, the code is now divided into eleven articles with each giving provisions that relate to a particular area of commercial law. Article 1, gives the definitions of terms used in commercial law and the general principles that apply to the UCC. Article 2 covers all contracts pertaining to the sale of goods. Article 2A covers all transactions pertaining to leases of goods. Article 3 covers ne gotiable instruments such as checks and promissory notes. Article 4 governs bank collections of drafts and checks. Article 4A governs the transfer of funds through banks. Article 5 governs letters of credit. Article 6 governs bulk sales. Article 7 covers domestic documents of title. Article 8 covers all transactions in investment securities and article 9 applies to security interests in real property (Bagley and Dauchy, 2012). Differences between Contracts Formed Under Common Law and Contracts Governed By the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) Although both the common law and the UCC govern contracts, the two laws differ in various ways. The first difference is that, contracts under uniform commercial code apply to various commercial issues such as sale of goods, banking and security interests whereas common law contracts deal with the sale of real estates, employment contracts, insurance, services and sale of intangible assets (Prabhat, 2011). According to the UCC, a good is any item th at is tangible and movable. Therefore, the sale of a home is not a sale of goods since the home is immovable. Also, the sale of a right to a trademark is not a sale of goods since it is not tangible (Cornell University Law School, 2005). The second difference between the two contracts is that, contracts under UCC can be modified without additional considerations as long as they are made in good faith whereas those under common law except